Development and validation of a tool to measure collaborative practice between community pharmacists and physicians from the perspective of community pharmacists: the professional collaborative practice tool.

BACKGROUND: Collaborative practice between community pharmacists and physicians is becoming increasingly common. Although tools and models to explore collaborative practice between both health care professionals have been developed, very few have been validated for their use in clinical practice. The objective of this study was to develop and validate a tool for measuring collaborative practice between community pharmacists and physicians from the perspective of community pharmacists. METHODS: The DeVellis method was used to develop and validate the Professional Collaborative Practice Tool. A pool of 40 items with Likert frequency scales was generated based on previous literature and expert opinion. This study was undertaken in Spain. A sample of community pharmacists providing medication reviews with follow-up and a random sample of pharmacists providing usual care were invited to participate. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was used to assess the tool's reliability and content validity. RESULTS: Three hundred thirty-six pharmacists were invited with an overall response rate of 84.8%. The initial 40 items selected were reduced to 14 items. Exploratory Factor Analysis provided a 3-factor solution explaining 62% of the variance. Confirmatory Factor Analysis confirmed the three factors "Activation for collaborative professional practice," the "Integration in collaborative professional practice," and the "Professional acceptance in collaborative professional practice." The tool demonstrated an adequate fit (X2/df = 1.657, GFI = 0.889 and RMSEA = 0.069) and good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.924). CONCLUSIONS: The Professional Collaborative Practice Tool has shown good internal reliability and criterion validity. The tool could be used to measure the perceived level of collaborative practice between community pharmacists and physicians and monitor changes over time. Its applicability and transferability to other settings should be evaluated.

Selective Nuclear Pore Complex Removal Drives Nuclear Envelope Division in Fission Yeast.

An important question in cell biology is how cellular organelles partition during cell division. In organisms undergoing closed mitosis, the elongation of an intranuclear spindle drives nuclear division, generating two identically sized nuclei [1, 2]. However, how the site of nuclear division is determined and the underlying mechanism driving nuclear envelope (NE) fission remain largely unknown. Here, using the fission yeast, we show that the microtubule bundler Ase1/PRC1 at the spindle midzone is required for the local concentration of nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) in the region of the NE in contact with the central spindle. As the spindle elongates during anaphase B, components of these NPCs are sequentially eliminated, and this is accompanied by the local remodeling of the NE. These two events lead to the eventual removal of NPCs and nuclear division. In the absence of importin α, NPCs remain stable in this region and no event of NE remodeling is observed. Consequently, cells fail to undergo nuclear division. Thus, our results highlight a new role of the central spindle as a spatial cue that determines the site of nuclear division and point to NPC removal as the triggering event.